Frank Watts Snr. and his wife, Florence, first made a camp at the One Mile on North Stradbroke Island in about 1922. On Crown Land from Amity to Jumpinpin, wherever there was fresh water, other camps were being set up by similarly minded squatters as fishermen’s weekenders. The Watts’ camp began as a tent which, although only for weekend use, was left permanently erected for, as his grandson, Lance, says:” In those days, nobody pinched anything !” Gradually, as wood and other building materials were collected, the tent assumed a more solid nature.
When the old bucket dredge Platypus was scuttled as a breakwater for the stone jetty on the south-eastern tip of nearby Peel Island in 1926, wood and ironwork from its superstructure proved ideal building materials for expanding the Watts” camp.
Platypus hulk off Peel Island in 1926. Land behind is The Bluff, the former site of Peel’s quarantine station (photo Ralph Munro)
Lance Watts recalls his grandfather: “‘Frank Watts Senior was a very colourful character. In his young days, he had been a deck-hand on the S.S.Walrus, a wooden cargo vessel which plied the Albert River.
To supplement its income, its owner had installed an illicit still on deck and for many years the crew eluded excise authorities by supplying the locals with rum distilled from the fermented juice of sugar cane grown in the area. When the Walrus became unseaworthy, the Beenleigh Rum Distillery was established in 1884. “Frank had also taken part in ‘Blackbirding’ – the practice of ‘signing up’ South Sea Islander ‘volunteers’, or Kanakas as they were then known, to work in the properties of coastal Queensland, especially in the Bundaberg area. He never spoke much of this part of his life. He had also been a passenger on the Queensland Government vessel Lucinda, some of whose timber fittings are now in the old Parliament House dining room. He was also associated with the ferry which had capsized in the Brisbane River in the 1893 floods with considerable loss of life. Later Frank had been a teacher at the Normal School, which was situated near Brisbane’ s Central Station. Then later still he went gold mining at Marble Bar in Western Australia. He died in 1942.”‘
As well as being serviced from Brisbane by the Government steamer Otter, the Dunwich Institution also had its own service vessel Karboora which plied between Cleveland and Dunwich on a daily basis. The Karboora was the safest thing on Moreton Bay because of its wide beam. Ginta King was skipper and Alfie Martin Senior was the engineer at the time. We used to get some very rough crossings. That part of the bay was probably the most dangerous for roughness. There is a story that a staff member was so sick once that he lost his false teeth overboard.
The Lazaret on Peel Island was serviced entirely from Dunwich. Peel’s stores were dropped off at our jetty by the Otter and then taken by Karboora across to Peel. We were never allowed to go ashore. After we tied up at their stone jetty, their own staff would come and unload it from there. We went over every day, taking bread, milk, meat, and the daily newspapers.
Karboora at stone jetty on Peel Island (photo State Library of Queensland)
The doctor in charge of the Health Department at that time used to visit the Leprosy patients at Peel on a regular basis. Once, we were having lunch with him at Dunwich before his visit to Peel, and I asked him why we were barred from visiting Peel. Was Leprosy really as contagious as it was made out to be? He replied that he treated Leprosy patients like any other. However, I was later told by Ginta King, the Karboora launchmaster, that in actual practice the doctor used his motor coat whenever he had to touch anything.
MYORA MISSION
The Myora Mission was run by a Salvation Army gent, Mr Morrison and his daughter, Alice, a crippled girl. They also had Sammy Rollands as a policeman there. Sammy was a full blood Aborigine and was therefore, by law, allowed to catch two dugong per year for his own use. He would give some to my future in-laws on occasions. The meat resembled corned beef in appearance. With the exception of the Perry family, the occupants at Myora were our fellows who worked in the gang. Myora wasn’t a community that was separate from us at all. They came and purchased their supplies from our retail store. Apart from the fact that Mr Morrison conducted services there, although there was no church building, the place was run as a community rather than as a Mission in the strictest sense.
THE PATIENTS
In all there were about 600-700 female inmates and over 1100 males. The patients were mostly old age and people who couldn’t afford to look after themselves. The hospital was just for those who took sick. There were only two epileptics in my time. There were about 15 alcoholics, all Europeans, from all walks of life – a couple of doctors, a dentist, a Secretary, a one-time Premier of Queensland, the accountant of a large Brisbane retail firm, and a member of a well-known printing firm. There was no hotel at Dunwich and no problem with alcohol.
The tent population was for those inmates who were able to look after themselves and it was regarded as a privilege to be allowed to have a tent. Some of them had some very nice little gardens around them. The tent people came down to the mess room for their meals. The tents afforded them a bit more privacy than the open wards which housed the other inmates. The only people who were absolutely segregated were the TB patients at Consumptive Point. We had four men in tents there.
In those days whenever anyone died, they were put in a wooden coffin in the coffin shop and taken out to the cemetery in the horse and cart, but there was no funeral service unless prearranged. Some relatives came down to visit but most passengers just came for the ride. It cost 1/-. Most of the inmates were forgotten people.
Harold Walker was one of the first of Moreton Bay’s passenger ferry operators, commencing the Cleveland – Dunwich ferry service with his vessel “Vega I” in the early 1950s. This service ran from the Paxton Street jetty, which had been opened in 1948.
“Vega”s Weekly Services Timetable
Leave Cleveland
Leave Dunwich
Monday
6.30 9.45
7.45 3.45 pm
Tuesday
9.45
11.45
Wednesday
9.45
3.00 pm
Thursday
9.45
11.45
Friday
6.30 9.45 6.00 pm
7.45 3.45 pm 7.45 pm
Saturday
9.45
3 pm
Sunday
10.30
3.45 pm
Cost: Single 5/- (50c)
Return 7/- (70c)
As well as servicing Dunwich, the “Vega I” also called at Peel Island regularly with visitors and stores for the Leprosarium. At this time it used the stone jetty on Peel’s South East corner, at the site of the former quarantine station. Then there were the fishing clubs, and every Saturday afternoon Harold Walker’s “Vega” would be chartered to take club members to the Bay’s popular fishing grounds such as Peel Island, Jumpinpin, and Day’s Gutter at Moreton Island.
Of course, the “Vega” was always available for island emergencies, and it’s often performed mercy dashes were a valuable, though largely unsung, contribution to Moreton Bay inhabitants. In the early 1960s, the “Vega I” was replaced by a larger vessel “Vega II”.
The Peel Island Leprosarium closed in 1959, and later, in 1968, the Church of England Grammar School (now the A.C.G.S. or ‘Churchie’) took out a least on some of the Leprosarium’s disused buildings to be used as a camp for its students. Harold’s “Vega II” was used to transport students, stores, and teachers to and from the island.
Harold owned land next to the Paxton Street jetty at Cleveland (opposite the Old Courthouse) and he planned a boat ramp from which he could operate a vehicular barge. Other plans also included a hovercraft, a hydrofoil (that would have cut the 40 minutes travel time to Dunwich to a mere 9 minutes), and water taxi. However his plans were thwarted when he was not allowed a permit.
Harold finally retired in 1986 and he died just a few months later, aged 65. However, his memory has been perpetuated in Moreton Bay by the renaming of the Dunwich jetty as the Harold Walker Jetty.
He came to the Peel Island Lazaret when it first opened in 1907. In fact, it was because of him that it opened there at all. Noel Agnew had been a gregarious child. He liked people. He liked to entertain them. His father was the postmaster at Dunwich on North Stradbroke Island. Besides its population of aborigines and sundry fishing families, Dunwich had also long been home to Brisbane’s social outcasts: the Benevolent Asylum for the aged and infirm, epileptics, alcoholics, and since 1892, a lazaret for leprosy patients.
At concerts which were arranged for the amusement of these people, the young Noel Agnew was wont to perform. They nicknamed him “Laddie”. When the leprosy symptoms appeared on his skin – the familiar purple spot – there was general consternation amongst the Dunwich folk. Noel Agnew had shattered the belief that the Lazaret, which adjoined the Benevolent Asylum, was sufficiently isolated to render its patients harmless. Consequently, the Lazaret with its 17 patients was transferred to Peel – that tiny tree clad island 2.5 kilometers from Dunwich.
Noel Agnew was one of the patients. . .
Peel was a beautiful island, a tree clad crown ringed by coral reefs swarming with an abundance of life. A brilliant arc of sand stretched along its entire south coast, while thick mangrove swamps ringed the rest of the island with acres of secret places for birds to nest, crabs to hide, and fish to spawn. Peel was a paradise, but to the leprosy patients incarcerated there, Peel was a prison, a life sentence for incurables.
Perhaps there was some communal reassurance to be had from fellow patients, be they aborigines, white Australians, Chinese, Kanakas, or Europeans: after all they did share the same disease. But life at the settlement was in the main dull and restrictive. So many people from so many cultural backgrounds confined in such a small area for so long.
There had to be some relief.
Noel Agnew found his in the bird life which frequented the island. Peel was strangely devoid of animal life, save for snakes and wallabies, but birds were everywhere to be found. Their calls woke him each morning, beckoned him from his human condition, and sang as he entered their kingdom. Even his gnarled hands seemed to blend with the mangrove roots he grasped while watching the Egret wade the swamps. He was part of nature where right and wrong did not matter. He communed with Nature instead of men.
Because of his continuous residency of the island, Noel Agnew was able to compile a comprehensive list of his bird sightings. . .
Curlew (Numenius cyanopus) – common. Seen on sand-banks at low tide.
Black duck (Anas superciliosa) – common at times. Shooting parties have frightened most of these birds away. Nests have been found. . .
In all, he identified 76 species of birds. These were published in the R.A.O.U. journal “The Emu” in 1913, his seventh year on Peel. A further list was published in 1921, his fifteenth year..
Boobook Owl (Ninox boobook) – common. Their “more pork” like cry is heard nearly every night. When out in mangroves I surprised a pair. Nests here…
However, as time progressed, so did the condition of his leprosy.
Some of his fellow patients showed no symptoms at all, others showed symptoms in various forms: skin nodules, loss of eyebrows and ear lobes, areas of numbness, nerve pain, intractable foot ulcers, the softening of the bones in fingers and toes, thus necessitating their removal. It was only in the very few that leprosy ran its full course. Noel Agnew was one of the very few.
With the passing of the years, the leprosy attacked his optic nerves and his sight gradually failed to complete blindness. The nerves in his 1imbs, too, were attacked, with their resulting terrible contractions and deformities. Even from his fellow leprosy patients, Noel Agnew became an object to be pitied. The most solitary of the solitary.
With his birdwatching days now only distant memories, Noel Agnew’s world became his tiny one roomed wooden hut. He couldn’t even help himself to the toilet. When he required help, he would belt on the wall and roar like an animal until someone came. At night, other patients would sleep on the floor beside him in case he needed help. They were paid for their labours. Sometimes, someone read to him.
Leprosy rarely kills its host; it respects life’s longevity, but not its quality. On Noel Agnew, leprosy bestowed its worst curse. At the end, his only world was inside his head. He died in 1937, his thirtieth year on the island. To him goes the dubious honour of being Peel’s longest resident. He was buried in the island’s small cemetery in an unmarked grave, recorded in a Register which was later lost.
All that remains today are his bird lists, but to wade through the mangroves on a quiet day, it’s easy to imagine him still crouching amongst the roots, whispering as he scribbles in his journal. . .
Australian Egret (Herodias syrmatophorus) rare. This bird. . .
In 1999, the death occurred of “Alex”, a former patient of Peel whose remembrances are featured in many pages of “Peel Island – Paradise or Prison?” In the 1990s I was fortunate enough to accompany him on two return visits to his former place of internment. His last visit was 60 years after his first admission there! Here are some of the comments made on his visits to the Island in the 1990s:
‘Alex’ and his girls at the Lazaret
* When I first arrived at Peel in 1936, the present Ranger’s house was occupied by Superintendent Goldsworthy, Deputy Superintendent Jack Carling, and the housekeeper, Mrs Snow. It was out of bounds to myself and the other patients. This visit was the first time I had been allowed to enter the house. Nurse Dwyer then occupied the (later) Superintendent’s house.
* The hospital extensions at the rear came from Dunwich when the Benevolent Asylum was moved to Sandgate. I think the Recreation hall, too, came from Dunwich. So too did the horses (“Dolly” and “Podge”), the mower, and the grader.
* Superintendent Goldsworthy was nicknamed “Old Goldie” by the patients. When Goldie drove the dray to the jetty, he used to let “Dolly” plod along at a painfully slow pace.
* The billiard table was donated by the masons, and when Peel closed, it was moved to S12 at the Princess Alexandra Hospital.
* There was never any hut on Lovers’ Island (Cucumber Point). However, when the men took the ladies out fishing to the Rainbow channel, they would call in there to boil the billy for lunch, and to have some time together in private.
*Another patient, George, often fished with me, and was adept at spearing fish.
*During my time on the island, there were no married couples there, however, two patients did marry in the lazaret church.
*After wind blows, the patients used to search the mangroves for boats which had broken loose from their moorings in other parts of the bay. I had four dinghies, only one of which I had to buy.
*A patient, Moore, owned a motorbike that he used to ride around the island.
*I won the contract from another patient to fill in the holes along the track from the settlement to the stone jetty.
*Jack Howard was a patient who had a hut near the cement circle next to the rec hall. His initials are still in the cement.
*The patients called the quarry near the wooden jetty “The Red Hill”.
*The trolley and tramlines at the patients’ jetty came from the stone jetty.
*Some of the patients (myself included) kept beehives which they stocked by raiding natural hives in the bush for their queen bees.
*”Old John” was a blind patient who had once been a bullocky from Cooktown. The other patients had rigged up a wire from his hut to the toilet, and as he felt his way along it, he used to swear all the way.
*There was a ship’s square steel tank in the bush on the way to Lover’s Island. The patients used to cut pieces out for use as centreboards for their boats.
*After the men’s rec hut was burnt, dances were held in that patient’s hut which was later converted into the Roman Catholic church.
*Dubs (toilets) were emptied once a week using the horse and dray.
*During the war (WWII), a yank ship was wrecked off Amity, and its supply of coffee was washed ashore.
*Oregon timber was readily available on the beach (as driftwood).
*Keith Spencer’s grandfather planted the trees on Bird Island. When I was on Peel, Bird was tree-less. Also, there was no roof or partition in the jail. These must have been put in later as a holiday house for a patient. The door was there, however. There were no trees around the jail, only grass, yellow flowers, and daisies. The shape of the previous quarantine gardens could still be seen from the position of the flowers. The heather growing in the area was thought to have been brought originally from overseas by the quarantined migrants. The Public Works Department built a shed at the stone jetty for the patients to entertain their relatives.
*Sylvia was a HD patient who died of Bright’s Disease.
*Coloured and white patients were buried in their own areas in the cemetery (whites closest to the road; coloureds to the back).
*Two young Aboriginal girls were locked up at night by Matron O’Brien, but the young male Aborigines got to them by dislodging the floorboards of their hut.
*Me and my friend George used to go for morning tea to Myra’s hut (the one with traces of lattice still remaining). George and Myra were lovers.
*I obtained sheets from the store and made sails for my dinghy from them. (I put eyelets in them).
*Twice a year, patients were able to obtain catalogue orders from T.C.Beirne’s. Jimmy Kangaroo would wear his new shirt until it dropped off.
*A white patient named Keogh was very musical and a comedian. He taught the “darkies” (as we used to call the Aboriginal patients in those days) how to play musical instruments, and they formed a brass band.
*I went out on the mudflats below the embankment to obtain oysters, and small crabs and worms to use as bait.
*Milk was obtained from the dairy at Dunwich as well as bread. Sides of beef were boned at the settlement. The kitchen was called “Cockroach Castle”. The ovens still in the bush were from the kitchen.
*Huts were fumigated for bed bugs by Matron O’Brien by putting Condy’s crystals in a saucer and adding ?? She also tried dosing the patients with creosote as a possible cure for HD.
*The patients built a hut for their visitors at the quarantine station.
*Going up the back stairs at the surgery, the two rooms on the left were the original ones. The others were added on at later stages.
*Sukiman and Gumbung were two Indonesian patients who were transferred to Peel during the war from Channel Island near Darwin.
Moreton Bay was formed when the sea level rose after the last ice age from 12,000 to 8000 years ago. Then sand washed northward by the ocean currents was deposited along its perimeter to form the enclosing islands of Stradbroke, Moreton, and Bribie. Within the bay, as the sea levels rose, only the mountain tops remained to form islands. Peel Island is one of these.
The soils of Peel Island have been formed from basalt, laid down by regional volcanic activity 28-20 million yBP (years before present). Underneath this basalt are sandstones from the Jurassic period, 213-144 million yBP. In turn these sandstones cover metamorphic rocks which are from 360 to 248 million years old.1
Sandstone cliffs at The Bluff 1987 (photo Peter Ludlow)
German women from the early quarantined ships baked bread in the sandstone caves.
All the rock units on the island have been deeply weathered to form krasnozems – strongly structured, clay-textured, red acid soils. The clay content is characteristically more than 50% throughout but the surface soil behaves like a loam, owing to its humus content. The subsoil is moderately to strongly acid and its water holding capacity is low. The krasnozems of this area are residual soils occurring on modified old land surfaces but they have formed in parent rocks that weather to produce much clay, such as basalt. There is a lateritic variant containing much ironstone gravel.1
Exposed laterite at the ‘Red Hill’ quarry, Peel Island 2010.
The leprosy patients quarried the laterite for surfacing the roads.
Laterite is not uniquely identified with any particular parent rock. It is a rock product that is a response to a set of physio-chemical conditions, which include; an iron containing parent rock, a well drained terrain, abundant moisture for hydrolysis during weathering, relatively high oxidation potential and the persistence of these conditions over many thousands of years.1
FOPIA group on road from the site of the western jetty 2004
The quarry is just inland from the approach to the former western jetty.
(1 = Prepared by Paul Cannard and David Weir, when students at the Moreton Institute of TAFE)
Part of Father Gabriel Nolan’s duties as Parish Priest at Manly was to service the Moreton Bay islands of Peel and North Stradbroke. Here Father Nolan reflects:
‘On my first visit to the Lazaret at Peel Island, I was very apprehensive. The Bible, of course, is full of references to leprosy and to the exclusion of lepers from the rest of society. It was difficult not to view the patients at Peel Island in such a manner, so I sought the advice of those who worked amongst the patients: the Matron and the nursing sisters. After their reassurances that it was quite all right to have contact with the patients without the need for any special precautions, I followed their example and moved freely amongst these unfortunate souls. The only warning I was given was to keep my feet covered because at that time it was thought that the Leprosy bacteria might survive in the ground.
‘I visited Peel once a month, arriving on the Wednesday morning, and leaving the next afternoon. My first duty was to chat with the staff over a cup of tea and then visit the patients individually. After a short rest in the heat of the afternoon, I would visit the patients again that night, hearing Confession where appropriate. I visited anyone who wanted to see me, however I was warned that a Japanese patient was particularly violent, so I only went as far as his door to talk to him. He was very resentful, understandably, about being kept there against his will.
‘Next morning, after sleeping in the Superintendent’s quarters, I would conduct Mass in the Roman Catholic church. Anyone, regardless of their religious beliefs, was able to attend. To minimise the risk of cross infection, patients did not receive wine from the Chalice during Mass. They were offered the bread only. As well as the Catholic Church, the Anglicans had a large Church. Ministers of other religions, notably Cannon Miles, visited on alternate dates to myself.
(EDITOR: The Catholic church was situated at the back of the men’s compound and had once been a hut for several female aboriginal patients. After the aborigines were shifted off Peel up to Fantome Island off Townsville, the hut was shifted using a sled affair to its new position. For a time, it was used as a common room for the men, before being converted to the Catholic Church. Today, its wooden altar remains as well as the nails in the wall on which hung the Stations of the Cross. The fate of the Stations is unknown, but Father Nolan remembers taking the stone relic from the altar back to his Manly Parish when the institution at Peel was closed down.)
Peel Island Lazaret’s Catholic Church following Restoration 11.8.2011. (photo Scott Fowle)
Each patient had their own wooden hut and the whole place was rather beautiful. The only problem was that no one was allowed to leave until they were cured. I visited Peel Island throughout the 1950s, perhaps the best decade of all for this troubled place, because just prior to this, the cure for this ancient disease had been discovered. Most patients responded immediately to the drugs, and only the most advanced cases showed no improvement. To be pronounced ‘cured’ the patients had to produce negative blood smears for each of thirteen months. Thus, the minimum stay for a patient would have to be 13 months. In the past before the cure had been found, this procedure could be heart breaking when after, say, 12 negative smears, a positive one would show up and the patient would have to start the whole process from scratch again.
As well as Mass, I presided over many funerals. These were full ceremonies conducted in the church and at the graveside in the island’s cemetery. All patients used to attend where possible. The Doctor at that time, Morgan Gabriel, was a mighty man. When he first arrived, there was a serious alcohol problem with many of the non-medical staff. Doctor Gabriel had replaced Doctor Lennan, who was himself an alcoholic and unable to control the drinking problems in his staff. As well as being appointed Medical Superintendent of the island, Doctor Gabriel was also given control over non-medical staff. Risking great personal unpopularity, he firmly set new rules for behaviour. Anyone not shaping up would have to ship out. Within a short time, the troublemakers were removed, and morale improved.
I had a problem with some of the relatives of the patients, who tried to get me to use my influence with the Doctor to obtain favours for the patients. I always refused because I thought Doctor Gabriel already had the situation well in hand. Eventually as the curative effects of the drugs became apparent, patient numbers declined to such an extent that there were more staff than patients. Eventually in 1959, the remaining nine patients were transferred to a special annex at the Princess Alexandra Hospital. I never attended them there, though.
The Lazaret (Leprosarium) operated at Peel Island from 1907 until 1959 as the home and treatment centre for Queensland’s leprosy patients. Like all medical institutions, it was run to a daily routine. Doctor Eric Reye, the island’s resident Medical Officer from 1945 until 1949, and Rosemary Opala (nee Fielding), a Nurse there during the late 1940s and again during the early 1950s have supplied the following,” typical” day’s duty roster for Peel’s medical staff. Two events were to modify their duties there in 1947: the introduction of electricity generation, and the introduction of Promin, the intravenous sulphone drug which was to finally control leprosy, the most dreaded of all contagious diseases.
Peel Island Lazaret – c.1955 – day surgery (red roof) and hospital (silver roof) (photo Dr Morgan Gabriel)
DAYS OFF
Nurses worked several weeks ‘on’, then took cumulative leave off the island. Originally no overtime was ever claimed but by Rosemary’s second term on the island during the 1950s, overtime payments were the norm.
Doctor Eric Reye spent alternate weekends off duty.
AN AVERAGE DAY
4.30AM Nurses go to the surgery to start the two primuses that heat the big sterilizer. Water takes about an hour to boil.
6.00AM The helpless hospital patients are washed, beds made, and medications given. The hospital orderly bathes the mobile male patients and takes care of the hospital generally.
8.00AM Staff breakfast.
8.30 AM Surgery (“clinic”) commences. Patients present themselves for dressings, check-ups, plasters.
On Mondays, “smears” are taken on a monthly rotational basis.
These involve the removal of a small blood sample from the patient’s ear lobe or eye brow (where the Leprosy bacteria is most intense).
These samples are sent to the Health Department Laboratory in Brisbane for testing. positive for the presence of the leprosy bacillus, negative for its absence. The patients are vitally interested in the results because they will be allowed to leave the island only when they have accumulated twelve monthly continuous negative smears. If one positive smear should be recorded, even after eleven months of negative results, they must begin counting all over again from their next negative smear. Such a result can be heartbreaking.
Chaulmoogra oil injections are given by nursing staff. (The only treatment for leprosy until the advent of Promin, chaulmoogra oil injections were very painful. It was also available as an extremely nauseating oral liquid. Although it produced symptoms indicating it was helping to kill the leprosy bacillus, it may have been only a placebo effect.)
10.00AM Medical & administration staff morning tea on the quarters’ verandah.
Mail arrives at about this time.
10.30AM Medical rounds of hut-fast patients either with the doctor or for routine dressings. Medical equipment has to be carried on a large tray.
Basically, nursing care on Peel is as much as for any hospital ward.
Doctor Reye’s particular jobs include:
1. Fitting walking plasters for trophic ulcers.
These are time consuming to put on and remove.
Staff make the plaster bandages by hand.
2. Sharpening IV needles (non-disposable).
3. Minor surgery. First aid.
4. Dispensing (usually afternoons).
5. Microscope work.
6. Simple dental work (foot pedal drill and wooden barber’s chair).
NOON: Lunch.
Life at Peel is “governed by the cook’s roster”.
All activities must be slotted in around the cook’s self-declared meal times.
PM: All staff have free afternoons until compulsory afternoon tea at 3.30 pm. This afternoon break is used for recreation with or without patients (tennis, swimming, bikes, etc.) also for reading to blind patients.
Sometimes extraneous work is performed such as whitewashing the inside of an old hut for use as a makeshift laboratory.
4.30 PM Evening meal (cooks again!)
5.30PM Evening surgery lit by pressure lamp on table. Usually minimal patient attendance. Day jobs finished. Patients’ temperatures charted. A medical round is held of any sick patients. No night nursing staff are rostered. Matron is called if there are any problems.
BASIC SURGERY HYGIENE
* Only tank, no sink. Hands are washed in a basin on a tripod, ‘Dettol’ is first added to the water.
* Zephiran solution (benzalkonium chloride) is used for skin preps and gloves.
* While on duty nurses wear theatre gowns.
* Hagedorn needles (for eyebrow and ear smears) are”flamed” between patients.
* “Sharps” are soaked in lysol.
* Blunts and enamel dishes are boiled up in primus operated boiler.
* Phenol is used for disinfecting commodes and sanitary tins.
Minimal cross infection recorded, except when “self-inflicted” by patients using their own ulcer treatment etc. (e.g. Grated apple and flower paste). Occasionally fly maggot infestation.
Eucalyptus full strength or iodoform sometimes needed as deodorant for discarded dressings.
AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF PROMIN
6.00 AM * Doctor Reye administers intravenous (IV) doses before breakfast, firstly in the surgery to the mobile patients.
* Syringes (glass, luerlock) and needles are boiled between patients.
Only 3 or 4 syringes are kept because they are expensive. Needles are sharpened at night. No disposables originally.
* Patients’ blood is tested before Promin treatment is started. Hb, WCC, and MCV are done weekly by Doctor Reye. Nurses help with slide preparation. Eventually, to ease the workload, a laboratory technician and assistant are employed.
* A Blood bank is set up in case a patient experiences an adverse reaction to the Promin. Six bottles of blood are kept in the kerosene fridge on the hospital’ s south verandah.
* With the success of Promin in the treatment of leprosy, patient numbers gradually fall as the patients are allowed home. This lightens the nursing workload to the extent that it is necessary to “make work” on the afternoon shift.
During the – can it be? – five decades since I worked on Peel Island, the experience has provided material from medical interest to local, social and natural history. Even folklore! Occasionally I’ve been asked to ‘guest speak’ on nursing at the Lazaret, or field queries at a (now rare) island open-day. Invariably comes that question: “Weren’t you afraid of catching it?” To which the reply still remains: “Never gave it a thought.” And this answer would apply to all categories of Peel Island staff – despite that mythical ‘Danger Money’ allegedly needed for patient contact.
Some of us had heard a bit about poor Father Damien long before that truly moving film was contemplated of course. And I recall Matron Ahlberg handing me a little book called Damien the Leper: something about the hazards of sharing the patients’ pipes and blankets, and rather unlikely to involve us. Otherwise, there were no precautionary measures for a condition where even today the means of transmission remain unclear. Hansen’s Disease is said to be the least contagious of any infectious disease. The crumpled cotton gowns we wore on duty were standard public hospital issue against pathogens, but on Peel mainly served to keep our nicely laundered uniforms clean.
Peel Island Lazaret – c.1955 – store, nurses’, matron’s quarters (photo Dr Morgan Gabriel)
These over-gowns were in short supply in the larger hospitals even after WWII and, handed on from one nursing shift to the next, were no doubt a focus of cross-infection. Round the time I met my first Peel Islanders in their pavilion-type ward at Wattlebrae (then Brisbane’s infectious diseases collection point), I was recovering from patient-transmitted Whooping Cough. “Reporting sick” was never appreciated, and as I couldn’t produce a Whoop in the Staff Clinic, I returned to my Pertussis patients with a bottle of cough linctus, Phenobarb tablets, and (later on) Pleurisy.
A colleague of mine only found she’d been working with Meningitis when she saw a school of fish swimming along the ward wall. She was put on the ‘seriously ill’ list but made a good recovery.
By contrast, Peel Island was not only a most interesting place of work, but also a real haven! Associated negative attitudes came from friends and family. In the period before the new treatment for H.D. arrived, my mother’s elderly GP reproached me for “throwing away your whole life!” Several of her neighbours stopped calling in.
In my mother’s position, though, I’m sure the issue wasn’t the concern over an irresponsible daughter’s Lost Future, but discomfort at our low-profile family being a Conversation Piece. And without even a broken romance to explain my behaviour!
At Peel Island – Nurse Rosemary Fielding (Opala), Superintendent Frank Mahoney, Matron Marie Ahlberg, Dr Eric Reye, Enrolled Nurse Sharp (?) late 1940s
Further on, as other young and enthusiastic nurses came and went through Peel, that irritation word dedication was heard less often. It has to be remembered that other personnel apart from medical willingly shared the patients’ lives. The permanent staff – all male – included managerial, kitchen, laundry and outside maintenance workers. And let’s not forget the good-hearted attendants (male orderlies) who cared for permanently incapacitated patients either in their little huts or the hospital, after-hours.
When invited, we all shared the patients’ social activities such as tennis, concerts, and dances. Ingrained Hospital Protocol, not fear of contagion, was a factor in nurses not further “fraternising with the patients”. I’ve told elsewhere of how we had to hike across to the Horseshoe to swim, instead of using the patients’ jetty at high tide, because it “wasn’t professional” to be seen in our decorous bathers.
A final word on the matter. Peel Island was a very healthy place for staff. Most bugs were picked up “off-island”, like the Measles that followed my visit to the Ekka.
Rosemary Opala
January 2003
Nurse Rosemary Fielding (later Opala), Peel Island late 1940s
In 1947 conditions were greatly improved for the patients at Peel Island’s lazaret by the introduction of two diesel powered electricity generators comprising two (2) 20 K.V.A. and one (1) 5 K.V.A. alternators each driven by a Ruston high speed vertical diesel engine. Now each cabin could be lit at the flick of a switch, there were street lights, and even movies twice a week in the recreation hall.
Peel Island Lazaret – c.1955 – from left: hospital, kitchen, power house (photo Dr Morgan Gabriel)
The diesel generators were switched on at dusk and operated until ten o’clock producing electricity for the settlement. On ‘non picture’ nights, Doris Gabriel, wife of the Medical Superintendent, would spend her time catching up on her family’s ironing.
Prior to the electricity being installed, light was supplied by hurricane lanterns or kerosene pressure lamps. For night surgery, electric power was supplied by two 6-volt car batteries which Dr Reye had removed from his yacht “Maroomba”. The idea was that while one was in use, the other would be sent to Dunwich for recharging. Electricity helped make the patients’ nights less drab and long, and certainly made night surgery much easier.
The advent of electricity also paved the way for the purchase of a cinematograph which was installed in 1948 in the special room at the eastern end of the recreation hall. Movie films were shown twice a week and proved very popular with both patients and staff alike. All types of films were shown, but occasionally the odd Hollywood “Biblical epic” would make reference to the Leper outcasts, and these would cause great offence to the patients watching the film. Selection of this type of film was carefully avoided.
Ron Ricketts, an electrical contractor, recalls: ‘It was my job to go into each patient’s hut and drill holes to which would be attached the gear to receive the power line. There were two male patients who always seemed to be together and they offered to help me erect the electric light poles. There was no crane on the island so we first had to dig a hole for the pole, then pull it up with ropes. I must admit that I was a bit worried when our bodies came into contact during this operation!’
Another symptom of leprosy was a numbness of the skin and this resulted in some patients burning themselves on hot objects because they couldn’t feel pain. Up until the time we introduced the electricity at Peel, each hut was lit by only a kerosene (hurricane) lamp. These were a constant source of patient burns, and so if for no other reason, the introduction of electricity would have been of great benefit to the patients.
Moreton Bay History 